We investigated the impact of dispersible zinc tablets on postoperative sore throat (POST) experienced by patients after endotracheal intubation. In our study, 88 patients were divided into two groups. One group received a 40 mg zinc tablet, while the other received a placebo 30 minutes before their surgery.
Our findings revealed that the zinc group reported significantly fewer instances of POST at the 4-hour mark compared to the placebo group. Specifically, only 6.8% of patients in the zinc group experienced POST, while a higher 31.8% in the placebo group did. Furthermore, none of the patients taking zinc reported severe sore throat, a stark contrast to three patients in the placebo group who did.
Additionally, we noted lower severity ratings for sore throat in the zinc group at various time intervals post-surgery. The results emphasize that taking zinc tablets before surgery can effectively mitigate the incidence and discomfort of sore throat following intubation, presenting a simple solution for a common postoperative issue.
Read More
9
Zinc reduces postoperative sore throat
The Effect of Zinc Lozenge on Postoperative Sore Throat: A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study.
We explored the potential benefits of zinc lozenges for easing postoperative sore throat (POST), a common discomfort following endotracheal intubation. By conducting a randomized, double-blinded trial with 79 patients undergoing low- to moderate-risk surgeries, we divided participants into two groups: one received zinc lozenges, while the other was given a placebo.
Our findings revealed promising results. At the crucial four-hour mark post-surgery, only 7% of patients who took zinc experienced POST, compared to 29% in the placebo group. Interestingly, the difference was even more pronounced right after surgery, where the zinc group reported a 0% incidence of POST versus 24% for the control group.
Moreover, the severity of sore throat symptoms was notably less intense among those in the zinc group. Those with mild and moderate sore throat pains reported significantly lower severity scores. These results suggest that a single dose of 40 mg of zinc lozenges taken just 30 minutes before surgery can greatly aid in reducing both the occurrence and discomfort of POST in the early hours after surgery.
Read More
9.5
Zinc reduces postoperative sore throat
A randomised, double-blind, comparative study of preoperative magnesium sulphate versus zinc sulphate gargle for prevention of postoperative sore throat following endotracheal intubation.
We conducted a study to understand how well zinc can help prevent postoperative sore throat (POST) after endotracheal intubation. We compared the effects of gargling with zinc sulphate versus magnesium sulphate in a controlled trial involving 132 patients. Those in the zinc group received a solution with 40 mg of elemental zinc, while the magnesium group used 20 mg/kg of magnesium sulphate, with a control group receiving only dextrose.
Our findings showed that the group using zinc sulphate experienced notably lower rates of sore throat compared to those using magnesium sulphate. Specifically, the incidence of mild POST was significantly lower in the zinc group, especially during the first four hours after surgery. Overall, zinc gargle proved to be more effective in reducing sore throat compared to magnesium sulphate, demonstrating its potential benefits in postoperative care.
These results highlight the importance of zinc as a simple yet effective intervention to reduce discomfort for patients following surgery. By using zinc gargle preoperatively, we can potentially improve patient outcomes related to postoperative sore throat.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Daily supplement usage
6 people found this helpful
Excellent for colds, especially sore throat. I take zinc nearly every day to boost my immunity, skin, and heart health. I enjoy alternating between zinc capsules and lozenges. When I’m unwell, these lozenges lift my spirits and aid recovery. Always take zinc after meals to avoid nausea!
Read More
7.5
Effective zinc form
1 people found this helpful
Zinc really helps! This form of zinc is superior to another I've tried. It effectively aids with sore throat. However, it lacks other supportive agents like echinacea or vitamin C, which would enhance immune function. That's why I ultimately chose the Zinc Lozenges with Echinacea & Vitamin C.
Read More
10
Quick relief noted
An excellent complex with zinc, vitamin C, and echinacea for sore throat; it helps from the first tablet and tastes good.
A randomised, double-blind, comparative study of preoperative magnesium sulphate versus zinc sulphate gargle for prevention of postoperative sore throat following endotracheal intubation.
We conducted a study to understand how well zinc can help prevent postoperative sore throat (POST) after endotracheal intubation. We compared the effects of gargling with zinc sulphate versus magnesium sulphate in a controlled trial involving 132 patients. Those in the zinc group received a solution with 40 mg of elemental zinc, while the magnesium group used 20 mg/kg of magnesium sulphate, with a control group receiving only dextrose.
Our findings showed that the group using zinc sulphate experienced notably lower rates of sore throat compared to those using magnesium sulphate. Specifically, the incidence of mild POST was significantly lower in the zinc group, especially during the first four hours after surgery. Overall, zinc gargle proved to be more effective in reducing sore throat compared to magnesium sulphate, demonstrating its potential benefits in postoperative care.
These results highlight the importance of zinc as a simple yet effective intervention to reduce discomfort for patients following surgery. By using zinc gargle preoperatively, we can potentially improve patient outcomes related to postoperative sore throat.
Read More
9.5
Zinc reduces postoperative sore throat
Preoperative oral zinc tablet decreases incidence of postoperative sore throat.
We investigated the impact of dispersible zinc tablets on postoperative sore throat (POST) experienced by patients after endotracheal intubation. In our study, 88 patients were divided into two groups. One group received a 40 mg zinc tablet, while the other received a placebo 30 minutes before their surgery.
Our findings revealed that the zinc group reported significantly fewer instances of POST at the 4-hour mark compared to the placebo group. Specifically, only 6.8% of patients in the zinc group experienced POST, while a higher 31.8% in the placebo group did. Furthermore, none of the patients taking zinc reported severe sore throat, a stark contrast to three patients in the placebo group who did.
Additionally, we noted lower severity ratings for sore throat in the zinc group at various time intervals post-surgery. The results emphasize that taking zinc tablets before surgery can effectively mitigate the incidence and discomfort of sore throat following intubation, presenting a simple solution for a common postoperative issue.
Read More
9
Zinc reduces postoperative sore throat
The Effect of Zinc Lozenge on Postoperative Sore Throat: A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study.
We explored the potential benefits of zinc lozenges for easing postoperative sore throat (POST), a common discomfort following endotracheal intubation. By conducting a randomized, double-blinded trial with 79 patients undergoing low- to moderate-risk surgeries, we divided participants into two groups: one received zinc lozenges, while the other was given a placebo.
Our findings revealed promising results. At the crucial four-hour mark post-surgery, only 7% of patients who took zinc experienced POST, compared to 29% in the placebo group. Interestingly, the difference was even more pronounced right after surgery, where the zinc group reported a 0% incidence of POST versus 24% for the control group.
Moreover, the severity of sore throat symptoms was notably less intense among those in the zinc group. Those with mild and moderate sore throat pains reported significantly lower severity scores. These results suggest that a single dose of 40 mg of zinc lozenges taken just 30 minutes before surgery can greatly aid in reducing both the occurrence and discomfort of POST in the early hours after surgery.
Read More
8
Zinc's role in sore throat treatment
The Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement with Honey, Propolis, Extract, and Zinc in Children Affected by Acute Tonsillopharyngitis: An Open, Randomized, and Controlled Trial.
We evaluated a promising dietary supplement that combines honey, propolis, and zinc to see how effective it could be for children suffering from acute tonsillopharyngitis, a type of sore throat. In this open-label, randomized, and controlled study, we compared the supplement along with standard care against standard care alone over six days.
The results revealed that incorporating the supplement with standard care led to notable improvements in certain symptoms associated with sore throat, such as throat pain and swallowing difficulties by day four and six. Although zinc was part of the blend, it was challenging to pinpoint its independent effect, given that it was studied alongside honey and propolis.
Interestingly, only one child in the standard care group needed additional medications like ibuprofen, highlighting that the supplement may reduce the need for further treatment. Importantly, we did not report any adverse events, making this combination a potential safe addition to treatment.
Overall, while the study presents encouraging results regarding the adjunctive use of the supplement in treating sore throat, it remains unclear how much zinc alone contributes to its effectiveness.
Read More
8
Zinc's variable effectiveness for sore throat
Zinc deficits, mucositis, and mucosal macrophage perturbation: is there a relationship?
We examined recent findings regarding zinc's impact on sore throat, particularly in post-operative settings. Some studies have reported that specific zinc formulations, like polaprezinc, can effectively reduce symptoms associated with sore throat after procedures like endotracheal intubation.
Importantly, zinc sulfate showed mixed results, with one review suggesting it did not significantly decrease the occurrence or intensity of oral mucositis in cancer patients. However, there are indications that certain zinc preparations may still hold promise in specific contexts, such as managing sore throat post-surgery.
Overall, while zinc's benefits in sore throat treatment appear to vary, ongoing research explores the best applications and formulations of zinc to potentially ease discomfort. As such, individuals seeking relief should keep an eye on emerging studies that could clarify zinc's role in throat health.
Excellent for colds, especially sore throat. I take zinc nearly every day to boost my immunity, skin, and heart health. I enjoy alternating between zinc capsules and lozenges. When I’m unwell, these lozenges lift my spirits and aid recovery. Always take zinc after meals to avoid nausea!
Read More
7.5
Effective zinc form
1 people found this helpful
Zinc really helps! This form of zinc is superior to another I've tried. It effectively aids with sore throat. However, it lacks other supportive agents like echinacea or vitamin C, which would enhance immune function. That's why I ultimately chose the Zinc Lozenges with Echinacea & Vitamin C.
Read More
10
Quick relief noted
An excellent complex with zinc, vitamin C, and echinacea for sore throat; it helps from the first tablet and tastes good.
Read More
10
Family favourite
Excellent zinc; I got these vitamins on a friend's recommendation! Ideal for sore throat, pleasant taste, and they dissolve under the tongue, soothing the throat. We use them as a family, and I will order more. Highly recommended!
Read More
9
Highly recommended
An excellent zinc formula in sucking tablet form. It’s perfect for colds and sore throat relief. At the first sign of cold symptoms, I take zinc, vitamin C, and ant tree bark; the results are fantastic!
A sore throat, also known as pharyngitis, is a common condition characterized by pain, scratchiness, or irritation of the throat. It can occur as a result of various factors, including viral infections like the common cold or flu, bacterial infections such as strep throat, allergies, dry air, or even irritants like smoke and pollution. Symptoms often manifest as a sensation of discomfort during swallowing and may be accompanied by swelling, redness, or the presence of white patches on the tonsils or throat lining.
Most sore throats are mild and resolve on their own within a week or so, often treated with home remedies such as warm salt water gargles, lozenges, and hydration. However, if the sore throat is severe, persistent, or associated with other concerning symptoms such as high fever, difficulty swallowing, or difficulty breathing, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional, as this may indicate a more serious condition that requires medical intervention. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial, especially if a bacterial infection is suspected, as it may necessitate antibiotics for effective treatment.
Zinc is a versatile metal known for its various applications in industry and health. It is a bluish-white metallic element represented by the symbol Zn and atomic number 30 on the periodic table. Zinc is primarily used for galvanizing steel to prevent rusting, in the manufacturing of alloys, and as a component in batteries. Additionally, zinc plays a crucial role in biological processes, making it an essential trace element in the human diet. It is involved in immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and DNA synthesis, highlighting its importance in maintaining overall health and well-being.
Zinc has been studied for its potential effects on the immune system, and some evidence suggests it may help alleviate sore throat symptoms. Particularly, zinc lozenges or syrups may shorten the duration of a sore throat when taken at the onset of symptoms. The reasoning behind this is that zinc can inhibit the replication of the virus responsible for the cold and boost immune response, thus potentially providing some relief.
However, it’s important to use zinc cautiously, as high doses can lead to side effects such as nausea or a bad taste in the mouth. Most health experts recommend opting for zinc in moderate doses, ideally through lozenges, which can also provide some soothing effects. While zinc might not be a cure-all, it can be a helpful part of a broader treatment plan that includes rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers. If your sore throat persists or is accompanied by other severe symptoms, consulting with a healthcare professional is advisable.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report that they begin to notice relief from a sore throat relatively quickly after taking zinc supplements. For some, relief seems to occur almost immediately, with one user mentioning that the discomfort significantly decreased after just one dose at the onset of symptoms Read Review. Others indicate that consistent use, such as taking a tablet every hour when symptoms first appear, has also provided substantial relief Read Review.
Overall, while the exact timeframe may vary from person to person, users generally note improvements within a day or sooner after starting the supplement regimen. Reports often emphasize that zinc lozenges and similar forms are particularly effective, with various users highlighting their ability to soothe throat discomfort shortly after use Read Review. For optimal results, taking zinc after meals to prevent any potential nausea is commonly advised Read Review.
This supplement, which includes a blend of honey, propolis, and zinc, shows promising potential for supporting sore throat treatment, particularly in children suffering from acute tonsillopharyngitis. In a randomized controlled trial, integrating this dietary supplement with standard care led to notable improvements in throat pain and swallowing difficulties by days four and six of treatment, which suggests its adjunctive use may enhance recovery outcomes [1]. However, isolating zinc's specific contribution remains challenging as it was tested alongside honey and propolis, and further research is needed to clarify its individual effectiveness.
Other studies examining zinc alone, including its use in postoperative settings, indicated mixed results—highlighting its ability to reduce sore throat incidence in some circumstances, like after intubation, but not significantly when related to other contexts, such as acute sore throat from viruses [4], [2]. While zinc lozenges appeared to provide some benefit in reducing the duration of cold symptoms, their specific effects on sore throat are less clear, suggesting that while zinc might play a role in sore throat management, conclusive evidence focusing solely on this symptom is still developing [9]. Thus, while the supplement may assist in alleviating sore throat symptoms, relying on it for profound relief without complementary treatments would not be advisable.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report significant improvements in sore throat symptoms after using zinc supplements. Users frequently mention that they experience rapid relief, often noting a reduction in discomfort with just one or two doses. For instance, one user reported that symptoms dissipated after taking one to two tablets when they first sensed a sore throat Read Review. Others highlight the effectiveness of regular doses, stating that taking zinc every couple of hours at the onset of symptoms can greatly decrease sore throat discomfort Read Review.
Moreover, users emphasize the pleasant taste and ease of use of zinc lozenges, with several noting that they can soothe throat discomfort while dissolving Read Review. Many reviews echo a sentiment of improved symptom management during illness, with users stating that they find zinc indispensable when facing colds or sore throats, citing immediate or noticeable relief Read Review. While individual experiences may differ, the consensus suggests that zinc can be an effective aid in reducing sore throat symptoms rapidly.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive experiences when combining zinc supplements with other immune-supportive ingredients to help handle a sore throat. For instance, one user highlighted that they prefer a zinc formulation that includes echinacea and vitamin C, believing it enhances immune function beyond what zinc alone can provide Read Review. Another review mentions the effective results achieved by taking zinc along with vitamin C and other herbal remedies at the initial onset of cold symptoms Read Review.
Users have also noted that integrating these additional supplements can improve relief efforts, with several expressing that they find zinc most effective when used in conjunction with other remedies. For example, one user reported using zinc lozenges as part of a regimen that includes herbal ingredients, allowing for a more comprehensive approach to addressing sore throat symptoms Read Review. Overall, while individual experiences may vary, it appears that users consistently find benefit in combining zinc with other supportive supplements to better manage and alleviate sore throat discomfort.
Based on user reviews, many individuals found zinc beneficial in treating sore throat symptoms, often highlighting a dosage of around 30 mg. Some users, such as one who cited using zinc chelate, reported specific effectiveness at this precision, claiming that it significantly reduced discomfort when taken at the onset of symptoms Read Review. Other recommendations indicated that a range of 1-2 tablets could suffice for relief, particularly when symptoms first appear Read Review.
In addition to the dosage, users frequently mentioned the importance of taking zinc after meals to avoid nausea. Many preferred forms like lozenges or chewed tablets due to their pleasant taste and effectiveness in soothing the throat Read Review. Overall, it appears that users consistently recommend a careful balance of dosage and form to maximize the benefits of zinc for sore throat relief.
9
Delicious and effective
1 people found this helpful
Excellent! These pills are easy to chew and have a delicious sour taste. I take a double dose at the first sign of a cold, and they help with sore throat. I love this company's supplements; they are of good quality.
9
Helpful remedy
Otoichny Zinc is very helpful for sore throat. During illness, I dissolve it every hour. The dosage is suitable for daily use.
9
Rapid recovery
Zinc is crucial! This form is great to hold in your mouth for sore throat; it makes a difference, as the throat discomfort goes away the next day.
9
Daily supplement usage
6 people found this helpful
Excellent for colds, especially sore throat. I take zinc nearly every day to boost my immunity, skin, and heart health. I enjoy alternating between zinc capsules and lozenges. When I’m unwell, these lozenges lift my spirits and aid recovery. Always take zinc after meals to avoid nausea!
9
Effective symptom relief
I drink these when I sense a sore throat; 1-2 tablets suffice, and the symptoms dissipate.
9
Sore throat comfort
I consistently take it; the taste is lovely, and it soothes my throat when resorbed. Unlike other zincs, this one didn't cause nausea. I use it every two hours at the onset of a sore throat, greatly reducing discomfort. Highly recommend!
10
Family favourite
Excellent zinc; I got these vitamins on a friend's recommendation! Ideal for sore throat, pleasant taste, and they dissolve under the tongue, soothing the throat. We use them as a family, and I will order more. Highly recommended!
7.5
Effective zinc form
1 people found this helpful
Zinc really helps! This form of zinc is superior to another I've tried. It effectively aids with sore throat. However, it lacks other supportive agents like echinacea or vitamin C, which would enhance immune function. That's why I ultimately chose the Zinc Lozenges with Echinacea & Vitamin C.
9
Highly recommended
An excellent zinc formula in sucking tablet form. It’s perfect for colds and sore throat relief. At the first sign of cold symptoms, I take zinc, vitamin C, and ant tree bark; the results are fantastic!
9
Effective action
Zinc chelate, 30 mg is great for the first signs of a sore throat. I place the capsule under my tongue, and the discomfort is noticeably reduced. Convenient dosage and effectiveness make this product essential in the medicine cabinet.
8
Zinc's role in sore throat treatment
The Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement with Honey, Propolis, Extract, and Zinc in Children Affected by Acute Tonsillopharyngitis: An Open, Randomized, and Controlled Trial.
We evaluated a promising dietary supplement that combines honey, propolis, and zinc to see how effective it could be for children suffering from acute tonsillopharyngitis, a type of sore throat. In this open-label, randomized, and controlled study, we compared the supplement along with standard care against standard care alone over six days.
The results revealed that incorporating the supplement with standard care led to notable improvements in certain symptoms associated with sore throat, such as throat pain and swallowing difficulties by day four and six. Although zinc was part of the blend, it was challenging to pinpoint its independent effect, given that it was studied alongside honey and propolis.
Interestingly, only one child in the standard care group needed additional medications like ibuprofen, highlighting that the supplement may reduce the need for further treatment. Importantly, we did not report any adverse events, making this combination a potential safe addition to treatment.
Overall, while the study presents encouraging results regarding the adjunctive use of the supplement in treating sore throat, it remains unclear how much zinc alone contributes to its effectiveness.
9.5
Zinc reduces postoperative sore throat
A randomised, double-blind, comparative study of preoperative magnesium sulphate versus zinc sulphate gargle for prevention of postoperative sore throat following endotracheal intubation.
We conducted a study to understand how well zinc can help prevent postoperative sore throat (POST) after endotracheal intubation. We compared the effects of gargling with zinc sulphate versus magnesium sulphate in a controlled trial involving 132 patients. Those in the zinc group received a solution with 40 mg of elemental zinc, while the magnesium group used 20 mg/kg of magnesium sulphate, with a control group receiving only dextrose.
Our findings showed that the group using zinc sulphate experienced notably lower rates of sore throat compared to those using magnesium sulphate. Specifically, the incidence of mild POST was significantly lower in the zinc group, especially during the first four hours after surgery. Overall, zinc gargle proved to be more effective in reducing sore throat compared to magnesium sulphate, demonstrating its potential benefits in postoperative care.
These results highlight the importance of zinc as a simple yet effective intervention to reduce discomfort for patients following surgery. By using zinc gargle preoperatively, we can potentially improve patient outcomes related to postoperative sore throat.
7
Zinc's role in sore throat relief
The Effects of a Dietary Supplement (PediaFlù) Plus Standard of Care in Children With Acute Tonsillopharyngitis/Rhinopharyngitis: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.
We targeted the effectiveness of a dietary supplement that includes zinc, among other ingredients, in treating acute tonsillopharyngitis and rhinopharyngitis in children. This trial was carefully designed to compare the supplement combined with standard care against standard care alone.
Our focus was on children aged 3 to 10 years suffering from sore throat symptoms. We employed a randomized, controlled setup, ensuring a solid methodological foundation for our findings. The primary goals included assessing severity of throat pain and the necessity for additional rescue medications.
The results highlighted the supplement's potential as an add-on treatment. While it shows promise in alleviating symptoms, we must note that we cannot isolate zinc's effects from other components like Pelargonium sidoides and propolis.
Ultimately, these insights could guide future treatments where antibiotics are avoided, especially when there's no streptococcal infection involved.
7
Zinc's effects on sore throat
Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
We conducted a rigorous study to see how zinc acetate lozenges might help reduce the painful and annoying symptoms of the common cold, particularly sore throats. In a well-structured environment, we recruited 50 volunteers who started experiencing cold symptoms within the last 24 hours. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either zinc lozenges or a placebo, taking one every few hours during the day.
Over the course of the study, we monitored various symptoms, including sore throat, and measured participants' plasma zinc and cytokine levels on the first day and as they recovered. We observed that those who took zinc lozenges experienced a shorter duration of cold symptoms, with cough showing notable improvement.
However, when it came to sore throats specifically, while there were positive results, the changes didn't stand out as significantly different from those who received the placebo. So, while zinc may play a role in easing cold symptoms overall, its particular impact on sore throat isn’t conclusively proven in our findings.
References
Cardinale F, Barattini DF, Martinucci V, Bordea MM, Barattini L, et al. The Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement with Honey, Propolis, Extract, and Zinc in Children Affected by Acute Tonsillopharyngitis: An Open, Randomized, and Controlled Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17. doi:10.3390/ph17060804
Cardinale F, Barattini DF, Sbrocca F, Centi A, Giuntini G, et al. The Effects of a Dietary Supplement (PediaFlù) Plus Standard of Care in Children With Acute Tonsillopharyngitis/Rhinopharyngitis: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2024;13:e53703. doi:10.2196/53703
Bhanwra A, Palta S, Saroa R, Saxena P, Bhanwra S, et al. Role of preoperative zinc, magnesium and budesonide gargles in Postoperative Sore Throat (POST) - a randomised control trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024;24:164. doi:10.1186/s12871-024-02534-5
Mondal AK, Maiti AK, Chattopadhyay S, Bhar D. A randomised, double-blind, comparative study of preoperative magnesium sulphate versus zinc sulphate gargle for prevention of postoperative sore throat following endotracheal intubation. Indian J Anaesth. 2023;67:S261. doi:10.4103/ija.ija_975_22
Sarkar T, Mandal T. Preoperative oral zinc tablet decreases incidence of postoperative sore throat. Indian J Anaesth. 2020;64:409. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_959_19
Thomsen M, Vitetta L. Zinc deficits, mucositis, and mucosal macrophage perturbation: is there a relationship?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2019;22:365. doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000588
Farhang B, Grondin L. The Effect of Zinc Lozenge on Postoperative Sore Throat: A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Anesth Analg. 2018;126:78. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002494
Sun GB, Sun N, Tang HH, Zhu QB, Wen W, et al. Zinc sulfate therapy of vocal process granuloma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269:2087. doi:10.1007/s00405-012-1971-1
Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, Beck FW, Chandrasekar PH. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:245.